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# Total energy

In terms of the set of NGWFs , the single-particle density matrix in the co-ordinate representation is expressed as
 (5)

where the density kernel, , is the matrix representation of the density matrix in terms of the contravariant duals of the NGWFs [15,16]. The NGWFs are real, as we are concerned only with calculations at the -point. Summation over repeated Greek indices is assumed throughout.

The charge density is given by,

 (6)

where is defined as,
 (7)

This quantity is expanded in terms of the basis functions of the fine grid, (see Appendix A) because the density needs to be represented in terms of a basis with twice the cut-off frequency of the NGWFs.

Neglecting the contribution due to the fixed background of ionic charges, the total energy, , of the system is the sum of the kinetic energy ( ), the Hartree energy ( ), the local pseudopotential energy ( ), the non-local pseudopotential energy ( ), and the exchange-correlation energy ( ).

The kinetic energy is given by

 (8)

where is related to the Laplacian operator by . This is most conveniently applied in reciprocal space, where it is diagonal. We see that the kinetic energy involves matrix elements of the form . Thus, one way of proceeding would be to FFT in the whole simulation cell, apply the Laplacian, FFT back and perform the integral over real space as a summation over grid points as suggested by equation (52). If is the number of grid points in the simulation cell (which is proportional to system size), this procedure has a computational cost that scales as for each NGWF and hence as overall. We will see later how linear-scaling can be achieved for all the terms that compose .

The Hartree energy is given by,

 (9)

where the Hartree potential is,
 (10)

We see that is the result of a convolution between the charge density and the Coulomb potential, and is thus represented by the fine grid basis functions.

is calculated on the fine grid in reciprocal space, where the real space convolution becomes a simple product, and fast Fourier transformed back to real space. is Fourier interpolated onto the fine grid and its product with taken. The result is Fourier filtered to the standard grid, and the matrix elements calculated by summation over the grid points of the standard grid, where the subscript shows that we only need to consider frequency components represented by the basis functions as shown in equation (52).

The local pseudopotential energy is given by the integral

 (11)

where the second equality makes use of equation (56), and the subscript shows that only frequency components represented by the fine grid basis functions, , need to be considered. Thus, it may be calculated in the same way as the Hartree energy:
 (12)

The non-local pseudopotential energy is given by

 (13)

where the non-local pseudopotential operator that we use is in Kleinman-Bylander form [17],
 (14)

where the first summation is over the atoms , and the second is over the angular momentum components for each atom. is the angular momentum dependent part of the atomic pseudopotential and the are its associated pseudo-orbitals. We see that the matrix elements of the non-local potential involve the calculation of integrals of the form , which may be performed by summation over the standard real space grid.

The exchange-correlation energy within the LDA is given by approximating the integral over the exchange-correlation energy density, , by a summation over the points of the fine grid:

 (15)

This is approximate as the fine grid cannot represent the exchange-correlation energy density without some aliasing. The errors associated with this approximation are expected to be similar to those encountered in traditional plane-wave codes [1].

We may write the total energy as,

 (16)

where the matrix elements of the Kohn-Sham Hamiltonian are given by,
 (17)

is the exchange-correlation potential, and is the double-counting correction,
 (18)

As we are dealing with a sparse system, the number of non-zero matrix elements will be proportional to the system size in the limit of large systems. The procedure outlined above for calculating each of these matrix elements has a computational cost that scales as for each element. This is because FFTs of NGWFs are performed over the entire simulation cell. Thus the cost of computing all non-zero matrix elements scales as .

Next: Total energy using the Up: Total-energy calculations on a Previous: Basis set
Peter D. Haynes 2002-10-29